A Grammatical sketch of the Siezan language

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III. Nominal morphosyntax < > V. Derivational processes

IV. Verbal morphosyntax

Verbs have finite forms that agree in person and number with their subjects and are marked for tense, mood and aspect, and have simple and compound forms. They also have non-finite forms that lack some of the previous inflectional categories. They are classified into weak, strong and irregular verbs.

Finite, simple forms

The system of simple forms is divided into three subsystems, based on stem morphology.

Present system: indicative present and imperfect, subjunctive present, imperative present.
Perfective system: indicative perfective and subjunctive imperfect.
Future system: indicative future and conditional.

The present system

The following endings are used:

		Indicative present		Indicative imperfect		Subjunctive present		Imperative present
		Weak	Strong	Weak	Strong	Weak	Strong	Weak	Strong
Singular	1	-o		-ea		-a
	2	-as	-es	-eas		-as		-a	-e
	3	-a	-e	-ea		-a
Plural	1	-om		-iam		-om
	2	-és		-íes		-és
	3	-ont		-eont		-ont

Examples with the verbs amar (to love, weak) and cozir (to run, strong):

		Indicative present		Indicative imperfect		Subjunctive present		Imperative present
		Weak	Strong	Weak	Strong	Weak	Strong	Weak	Strong
Singular	1	amo	cozo	amea	cozea	ama	coza
	2	amas	cozes	ameas	cozeas	amas	cozas	ama	coze
	3	ama	coze	amea	cozea	ama	coza
Plural	1	amom	cozom	amiam	coziam	amom	cozom	amom	cozom
	2	amés	cozés	amíes	cozíes	amés	cozés	amés	cozés
	3	amont	cozont	ameont	cozeont	amont	cozont

When a singular imperative is followed by a clitic starting with a vowel, the ending is ellided:
Prende. (Take.) > Prend'ên. (Take one/some.)

An exception to this rule are a few verbs with a monosyllabic form in the singular imperative:
Fa. (Do.) > Fa-ên (Make one/some.)

Many strong verbs take a special augment -iss- in all forms of the present system, which is absent in other forms. Example with the verb finir (to end):

		Indicative present	Indicative imperfect	Subjunctive present	Imperative present
Singular	1	finisso	finissea	finissa
	2	finisses	finisseas	finissas	finisse
	3	finisse	finissea	finissa
Plural	1	finissom	finissiam	finissom
	2	finissés	finissíes	finissés
	3	finissont	finisseont	finissont

Some verbs can see an e transform into ie and an o transform into ue on forms stressed on the stem.

Example for e > ie, with the verb quezir (to search):

		Indicative present	Indicative imperfect	Subjunctive present	Imperative present
Singular	1	quiezo	quezea	quieza
	2	quiezes	quezeas	quiezas	quieze
	3	quieze	quezea	quieza
Plural	1	quezom	queziam	quezom
	2	quezés	quezíes	quezés
	3	quiezont	quezeont	quiezont

Example for o > ue, with the verb trovar (to find):

		Indicative present	Indicative imperfect	Subjunctive present	Imperative present
Singular	1	truevo	trovea	trueva
	2	truevas	troveas	truevas	trueva
	3	trueva	trovea	trueva
Plural	1	trovom	troviam	trovom
	2	trovés	trovíes	trovés
	3	truevont	troveont	truevont

On forms stressed on the stem, a few weak verbs gain an additional syllable, here illustrated with the verb manjar (to eat):

		Indicative present	Indicative imperfect	Subjunctive present	Imperative present
Singular	1	manjúo	mangea	manjúa
	2	manjúas	mangeas	manjúas	manjúa
	3	manjúa	mangea	manjúa
Plural	1	manjom	mangiam	manjom
	2	mangés	mangíes	mangés
	3	manjúont	mangeont	manjúont

A number of strong verbs with stems ending in -n or -l undergo palatalization of their final consonant in the first person singular of the indicative present, in the entire subjunctive present, and sometimes in the second person singular of the imperative present as well. This is often accompanied by vocalic transformations as well. Example with the verbs venir (to come) and falir (to fail):

		Indicative present		Indicative imperfect		Subjunctive present		Imperative present
Singular	1	vinho	felho	venea	falea	vinha	felha
	2	vienes	fales	veneas	faleas	vinhas	felhas	viene	felhe
	3	viene	fale	venea	falea	vinha	felha
Plural	1	venom	falom	veniam	faliam	vinhom	felhom	venom	falom
	2	venés	falés	veníes	falíes	vinhés	felhés	venés	falés
	3	vienont	falont	veneont	faleont	vinhont	felhont

Asides from the above semi-regular patterns, the present systems is also where irregular verbs manifest most of their irregular behavior, manifesting as irregular endings, contractions, suppletion and other unpredictable stem modifications.

Estre (to be, to exist):

		Indicative present	Indicative imperfect	Subjunctive present	Imperative present
Singular	1	sui	estea	sea
	2	ês	esteas	seas	sea
	3	est	estea	sea
Plural	1	somos	estiam	seyom
	2	estes	estíes	seyés
	3	sont	esteont	seont

Avar (to have):

		Indicative present	Indicative imperfect	Subjunctive present	Imperative present
Singular	1	ê	avea	eya
	2	âs	aveas	eyas	eya
	3	â	avea	eya
Plural	1	avom	aviam	eyom
	2	avés	avíes	eyés
	3	ont	aveont	eyont

Alar (to go):

		Indicative present	Indicative imperfect	Subjunctive present	Imperative present
Singular	1	vê	alea	elha
	2	vas	aleas	elhas	va
	3	va	alea	elha
Plural	1	alom	aliam	elhom	alom
	2	alés	alíes	elhés	alés
	3	vont	aleont	elhont

Fezir (to do, to make):

		Indicative present	Indicative imperfect	Subjunctive present	Imperative present
Singular	1	fe	fezea	feça
	2	fas	fezeas	feças	fa
	3	fa	fezea	feça
Plural	1	femos	feziam	feçom	femos
	2	fetes	fezíes	feçés	fetes
	3	font	fezeont	feçont

Povir (can, to be able to, this verb has no imperative):

		Indicative present	Indicative imperfect	Subjunctive present
Singular	1	puisso	povea	puissa
	2	pueves	poveas	puissas
	3	pueve	povea	puissa
Plural	1	povom	poviam	puissom
	2	povés	povíes	puissés
	3	puevont	poveont	puissont

Savir (to know):

		Indicative present	Indicative imperfect	Subjunctive present	Imperative present
Singular	1	sê	savea	secha
	2	sas	saveas	sechas	secha
	3	sâ	savea	secha
Plural	1	savom	saviam	sechom
	2	savés	savíes	sechés
	3	savont	saveont	sechont

Dizir (to say):

		Indicative present	Indicative imperfect	Subjunctive present	Imperative present
Singular	1	dizo	dizea	diza
	2	dizes	dizeas	dizas	dize
	3	dize	dizea	diza
Plural	1	dimos	diziam	dimos
	2	dites	dizíes	dites
	3	dizont	dizeont	dizont

Ovir (to listen):

		Indicative present	Indicative imperfect	Subjunctive present	Imperative present
Singular	1	oyo	ovea	oya
	2	oves	oveas	oyas	ove
	3	ove	ovea	oya
Plural	1	ovom	oviam	oyom	ovom
	2	ovés	ovíes	oyés	ovés
	3	ovont	oveont	oyont

Vere (to see):

		Indicative present	Indicative imperfect	Subjunctive present	Imperative present
Singular	1	veyo	vea	veya
	2	ves	veas	veyas	veya
	3	ve	vea	veya
Plural	1	veom	viam	veyom	veom
	2	vés	víes	veyés	vés
	3	veont		veyont

The perfective system

The perfective system most often uses the same stems as the present system, but occasionally use modified ones, thus warranting its analysis as a distinct group of tenses.

The following endings are used, with strong verbs being divided into two possible sets of endings, i-stem and u-stem:

		Indicative perfective			Subjunctive imperfect
		Weak	Strong		Weak	Strong
			i-stem	u-stem		i-stem	u-stem
Singular	1	-é	-í	-úi	-asse	-isse	-usse
	2	-ás	-ís	-ús	-asses	-isses	-usses
	3	-á	-í	-ú	-asse	-isse	-usse
Plural	1	-amos	-imos	-umos	-assiam	-issiam	-ussiam
	2	-astes	-istes	-ustes	-assíes	-issíes	-ussíes
	3	-aront	-iront	-uront	-assont	-issont	-ussont

Examples with verbs amar (to love, weak), partir (to leave, strong i-stem) and vudre (to want, strong u-stem):

		Indicative perfective			Subjunctive imperfect
		Weak	Strong		Weak	Strong
			i-stem	u-stem		i-stem	u-stem
Singular	1	amé	partí	volúi	amasse	partisse	volusse
	2	amás	partís	volús	amasses	partisses	volusses
	3	amá	partí	volú	amasse	partisse	volusse
Plural	1	amamos	partimos	volumos	amassiam	partissiam	volussiam
	2	amastes	partistes	volustes	amassíes	partissíes	volussíes
	3	amaront	partiront	voluront	amassont	partissont	volussont

While all verbs have regular endings in the perfective system, many strong and irregular verbs have altered stems. The alteration can be a contraction of the stem (the most frequent), a modification of the last consonant or consonants of the stem, a stem vowel change, and rarely, a stem completely unrelated to the main stem of the verb.

Examples with the verbs fezir (to do, to make), devre (must, to have to), nestre (to be born), dizir (to say), estre (to be) and avar (to have) (only perfective forms are shown here):

Singular	1	fí	dúi	nasquí	dezí	fúi	úi
	2	fís	dús	nasquís	dezís	fús	ús
	3	fí	dú	nasquí	dezí	fú	ú
Plural	1	fimos	dumos	nasquimos	dezimos	fumos	umos
	2	fistes	dustes	nasquistes	dezistes	fustes	ustes
	3	firont	duront	nasquiront	deziront	furont	uront

The future system

The future system use the an extended stem, created by adding a suffix to the present stem. For weak verbs, this suffix is -ar. For strong verbs and irregular verbs, the suffix is -ir or -r.

Then an inflectional ending is added, with no difference for weak, strong or irregular verbs:

		Indicative future	Indicative conditional
Singular	1	-é	-ea
	2	-ás	-eas
	3	-á	-ea
Plural	1	-om	-iam
	2	-és	-íes
	3	-ónt	-eont

Examples with the verbs chantar (to sing, weak), partir (to come, strong) and devre (must, to have to, strong):

		Indicative future			Indicative conditional
		Weak	Strong		Weak	Strong
Singular	1	chantaré	partiré	devré	chantarea	partirea	devrea
	2	chantarás	partirás	devrás	chantareas	partireas	devreas
	3	chantará	partirá	devrá	chantarea	partirea	devrea
Plural	1	chantarom	partirom	devrom	chantariam	partiriam	devriam
	2	chantarés	partirés	devrés	chantaríes	partiríes	devríes
	3	chantarónt	partirónt	devrónt	chantareont	partireont	devreont

Strong and irregular verbs that take -r can see significant alteration of their stem. Some examples with quezir (to search), venir (to come), falir (to fail),vudre (to want, stem vol-) and avar (to have) (only the future is shown in those examples):

Singular	1	queré	viendré	fodré	vudré	oré
	2	querás	viendrás	fodrás	vudrás	orás
	3	querá	viendrá	fodrá	vudrá	orá
Plural	1	querom	viendrom	fodrom	vudrom	orom
	2	querés	viendrés	fodrés	vudrés	orés
	3	querónt	viendrónt	fodrónt	vudrónt	orónt

Two verbs, estre (to be) and alar (to go) have future-conditional stems completely unrelated to their present tense stem:

Singular	1	seré	iré
	2	serás	irás
	3	será	irá
Plural	1	serom	irom
	2	serés	irés
	3	serónt	irónt

Non-finite forms

Three non finite forms are distinguished: an infinitive, a past participle and a gerund.

The infinitive of weak verbs is always in -ar. The infinitive of strong verbs is in -ir or -re. Irregular verbs take any of the three infinitives.

The infinitive is suffixed to the present stem of the verbs (without an eventual augment). Verbs in -re often undergo consonant stem changes similar to that of future-conditional stem.

A few irregular verbs have a second, contracted infinitive used only when the infinitive receives one or several postposed pronouns:
estre > ser-lo
fezir > fer-lo
dizir > dir-lo
vere > ver-lo

In a more regular fashion, infinitives in -re lose their final vowel when followed by a pronoun starting with a vowel:
vudre (to want) > vudr'ên (to want one/some, to be determined)

Past participles can vary in gender and number, and come in different categories:

		Type a	Type i	Type u	Type t	Type s
Singular	Masculine	-ó	-ío	-úo	-to	-so
	Feminine	-á	-ía	-úa	-ta	-sa
Plural	Masculine	-ós	-íos	-úos	-tos	-sos
	Feminine	-ás	-ías	-úas	-tas	-sas

Weak verb always have type a participles. Strong and irregular verbs can have any of the five types, though type i and type u are the most common.

Past participle endings are generally added to the present stem (with the eventual -iss augment absent), but significant modifications of the stem can occure: covrir (to cover) > coverto; prendre (to take) > priso.

Gerunds take the suffix -ando and do not decline. Gerunds are normally formed on the unstressed form of the present stem (including a possible -iss augment), but for verbs that display a modified subjunctive present stem, the gerund generally hesitates between a plain stem and a modified stem, depending on the verb, thus povir (to be able to) > povando but savir (to know) > sechando.

The irregular verb estre (to be) has a past participle estó and a gerund estando.

Analytic forms

Perfect series

The tenses of the perfect seris are formed with an auxiliary verb and a past participle. By default, the auxiliary verb is generally avar with transitive verbs, and estre with intransitive verbs. Reflexive verbs take estre as an auxiliary.

The past participle generally agrees in gender and number with the subject when estre is used; if there's no explicit subject (such as with an infinitive perfect), the participle is by default in the masculine singular. When avar is used, the participle agrees in gender and number with the direct object if that direct object is expressed by a personal pronoun adposed to avar. Otherwise the participle is undeclinable, defaulting to the masculine singular.

Nine perfect tenses are found, depending on the tense used for the auxiliary:

Infinitive perfect (auxiliary in the infinitive): avar chantó (to have sung).
Perfect (auxiliary in the present): as chantó (you have sung).
Pluperfect (auxiliary in the imperfect): aveas chantó (you had sung).
Subjunctive perfect (auxiliary in the subjunctive present): eyas chantó
Imperative perfect (auxiliary in the imperative): eya chantó (be done singing).
Perfective pluperfect (auxiliary in the perfective): ús chantó (you had sung).
Subjunctive plurperfect (auxiliary in the subjunctive imperfect): usses chantó.
Future perfect (auxiliary in the future): avrás chantó (you will have sung).
Conditional perfect (auxiliary in the conditional): avreas chantó (you would have sung).

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III. Nominal morphosyntax < > V. Derivational processes

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