Background

The Thokyunam are a people of fearsome (or at least other peoples describ them as such) mercenaries, and great warriors, who sells their services to whoever can afford the price. It's not wise to try to fool them, as they're pretty good in both maths and business. They have important relations with several far eastern people. Particulary, they have conduct inbreeding between their native lions and the tigers of the Lotoka people, creating a dreadfull species of liger/tigon, the ìthikiya, that they use as cavalry, giving them a determinative advantage in battles.

They also have reasonable relations with their closest neighbours : The people of Máotatšàlì, Mûtsinamtsys, Ppãrwak and Zeluzh.

Phonology

Consonants

Pronunciation is in red and use x-sampa. Spelling is in blue.

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Postalveolar	retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	p p_h		t	tS	t`		k k_h
	p   p'		t	c	tt		k   k'
Nasal	m		n
	m		n
Fricative		f	T				x	h
		f	th				kh	h
Approximant	w					j
	w					y

Vowels

	Front	N. Front	N. Back	Back
High	i			u
	i			u
Near High		I	U
		ì	ù
Mid-high	e			o
	e			o
Mid-low	E			O
	è			ò
Low	a			A
	a			à

Phonotactics

Possible syllables are :

   -(C)(C)V(C) at the beginning of words.
   -CV(C) elsewhere.

Consonant clusters are rare.

Stress

Stress fall either on the first or second syllable of a word. It is shown with underlining of the stressed vowel when it falls on the second syllable.

Morphology

Nominal morphology

Nouns know 4 cases (no gender or number). These are denoted by inflecting endings, of wich the commonest patterns are :

	Nominative	Absolutive	Dative	Instrumental-comitative
aI stem	-a	-awe	-ane	-am
aII stem	-a	-awe	-one	-om
aIII stem	-a	-ahwe	-àne	-àm
iI stem	-i	-iwe	-ine	-im
iII stem	-i	-ihwe	-ùne	-ùm
ì stem	-ì	-ìhwe	-ìne	-ìm
uI stem	-u	-uwe	-wine	-wim
uII stem	-u	-uhwe	-òne	-òm
am stem	-am	-amwe	-ène	-èm
im stem	-im	-imwe	-ìne	-ìm

For a, i and u stem words are listed with both nominative and instrumental-comitative endings in the lexical.

Stress position is preserved identically to the nominative in the three other cases.

Irregular nouns are listed with their full paradigms.

Full paradigms of three nouns :

	Nominative	Absolutive	Dative	Instrumental-comitative
boy	thèthi	thèthihwe	thèthùne	thèthùm
girl	tyukam	tyukamwe	tyukhène	tyukhèm
sun	pa	pawe	pane	pam

Case Usage

Nominative

The nominative is for subjects of active voice sentences and objects of passive voice sentences.

A tatohe.
1SG.NOM PROG~go.IND.N_FUT
"I'm walking."

Pumuwe a mòthe.
fish.ABS 1SG.NOM find.NEG.IND.N_FUT
"I do not find the fish."

Absolutive

The absolutive is for subjects of passive voice sentences and objects of active voice sentences.

Thèthi tyukamwe k'ìthe.
boy.NOM girl.ABS love.PFV.IND.N_FUT
"The girl was loved by the boy."

Mìk'ihwe mimìkùtumì.
water.ABS PROG~drink.IND.FUT
"The water will be drunk."

Dative

The dative is for indirect objects.

Ene ìhìhwe yònam nyutà.
1SG.DAT dog.ABS stranger.NOM give.PFV.IND.N_FUT
"Someone gave me a dog."

Instrumental-comitative

The instrumental-comitative is used for the means or instrument of a given action, to signify that the action is made in company of something, and for certain benefactive constructions.

Pumwim thonamwe a ttattatò.
fish.INS tree.ABS 1SG.NOM PROG~hit.IND.N_FUT
"I'm hitting the tree with a fish."

Thèthùm a tatohì.
boy.INS 1SG.NOM PROG~go.IND.FUT
"I'll go with the boy."

Tòne thwim a ìthù.
you.DAT it.INS 1SG.NOM build.PFV.IND.N_FUT
"I built it for you." (lit : "I built with it to you")

Verbal morphology

Verbs know two tense, two moods, and three aspects. They're inflected for tense and mood.

	Indicative		Subjunctive
	Non-Futur	Futur
e stem	-e	-ì	-ìpà
à stem	-à	-ì	-àpà
ò stem	-ò	-ì	-òpà
ù stem	-ù	-ì	-ùpà

Irregular verbs are listed with their full paradigms.

The three aspects are perfective (the action is over), negative (the action isn't happening) and progressive (the action is happening).

Perfective and negative aspect are handled with stress positioning : Perfective forms are stressed on the first syllable, while negative are stressed on the second syllable.

Some monosyllabic verbs have irregular negative forms.

Progressive aspect is handle with reduplication, but the process is highly irregular, and has allmost to be learnt for each verb.

Example, full paradigm of four verbs :

	Perfective			Negative			Progressive
	Indicative		Subjunctive	Indicative		Subjunctive	Indicative		Subjunctive
	Non-futur	Futur		Non-futur	Futur		Non-futur	Futur
to love	k'ìthe	k'ìthì	k'ìthìpà	k'ìthe	k'ìthì	k'ìthìpà	k'ik'ìthe	k'ik'ìthì	k'ik'ìthìpà
to see	ìtù	ìcì	ìtùpà	ìtù	ìcì	ìtùpà	ihìtù	ihìcì	ihìtùpà
to hit	ttatò	ttacì	ttatòpà	ttatò	ttacì	ttatòpà	ttattatò	ttattacì	ttattatòpà
to go	tohe	tohì	tohìpà	tohe	tohì	tohìpà	tatohe	tatohì	tatohìpà

Aspect, mood, and tense usage

Perfective

The perfective bears the idea of completion of an action.

Perfective non-futur is used for an action which has happen and is completed.

Thuwe a mìkùtume.
it.ABS 1SG.NOM drink.PFV.IND.N_FUT
"I drunk it."

Perfective futur is used for an action that will be completed in the futur.

Thohap thuwe i òtumì.
tomorrow.ADV it.ABS 3SG.NOM eat.PFV.IND.FUT
"He will have eaten that for tomorrow."

Perfective subjunctive is for an action that could hypothetically had happen in the past.

Tyukamwe tu k'ìthìpà.
girl.ABS 2SG.NOM love.PFV.SBJV
"You would have loved her".

Negative

The negative is used when an action is not occuring.

Negative non-futur is used for an action which is not happening or did not happen.

Thuwe a mòthe.
it.ABS 1SG.NOM find.NEG.IND.N_FUT
"I do not find it/I didn't find it".

Negative futur is used for an action that will not happen.

Thumakuhwe a ìthì.
shield.ABS 1SG.NOM build.NEG.IND.FUT
"I will not build a shield."

Negative subjunctive is used for an hypothetical unhappening action.

Thèthihwe tu ttatòpà.
boy.ABS 2SG.NOM hit.NEG.SBJV
"You wouldn't hit him."

Progressive

The progressive is used when an action is simply happening.

Progressive non-futur is used when an action is actually happening.

Thonamwe èthyu thìthòk'e.
tree.ABS 3PL.NOM PROG~cut.IND.N_FUT
"They're cutting down the tree."

Progressive futur is used for an action that will happen in the futur.

Thèthùm a tatohì.
boy.INS 1SG.NOM PROG~go.IND.FUT
"I'll go with the boy."

Progressive subjunctive is used for a simple, hypothetical action.

Pumuwe tòne a ninyutàpà.
fish.ABS 2SG.DAT 1SG.NOM PROG~give.SBJV
"I would give you a fish."

Pronouns

Pronouns decline like nouns.

	Nominative	Absolutive	Dative	Instrumental-Comitative
1st Person, Sg	a	we	ene	em
2nd Person, Sg	tu	tuhwe	tòne	tòm
3rd Person, Sg	i	iwe	ine	im
1st Person, Pl	ìthyu	ìthyuwe	ìthìne	ìthìm
2nd Person, Pl	tòthyu	tòthyuwe	tòthìne	tòthìm
3rd Person, Pl	èthyu	èthyuwe	èthìne	èthìm

Adjectives

Adjectives do not agree with the nouns they modify. They have an irregular reduplication process wich servs to create comparative forms.

Some examples :
tath "big" > tatath "bigger"
unì "strong" > honì "stronger"
nìte "full" > ninìte "fuller"
kape "warm" > hakape "warmer"

Adverbs

Adverb are not inflected at all. They generally always end in -mwìthùm.

Derivational morphology

Verbalization

Many nouns can be turned into verb. One must simply drop the nominative and add the verbal ending -à (if the noun belongs to an 'a stem'), -ù (if it belongs to an 'u stem') or -e otherwize.

Unlike 'natural' verbs, the reduplication involved in the progressive aspect of derivated verbs are regular ('y' is inserted if the noun start with a vowel).

Examples :
òta 'language' > òtà 'to spoke'
thonam 'tree' > thone 'to grow'
thumaku 'carapace' > thumakù 'to run away'

Adjectivization

Many noun can be turned into an adjective. The nominative ending must be removed and replace with a special new ending, following this chart :

	Nominative	Adjectivization
aI stem	-a	Ø
aII stem	-a	-o
aIII stem	-a	-e
iI stem	-i	Ø
iII stem	-i	-ù
ì stem	-ì	-ì
uI stem	-u	Ø
uII stem	-u	-ò
am stem	-am	-e
im stem	-im	-e

Examples :
thokyunam 'the Thokyunam people' > thokyune '(member of the/from the) Thokyunam'
mìk'i 'water' > mìkù 'wet'
kòthuma 'sturdiness' > kòthum 'sturdy'

As for verbalisation, the reduplication process of derivated adjectives is more regular.

Nominalization

Many verbs can be turned into nouns. The verbal ending must be removed and replace with the appropriate nominal ending, following this chart :

-e > -i (iI stem)
-à > -a (aI stem)
-ò > -u (uI stem)
-ù > -u (uI stem)

Examples :
òtume 'to eat' > òtumi 'meal'
ttatò 'to fight' > ttatu 'battle'
mìkùtume 'to drink' > mìkùtumi 'beverage'

Adverbalization

Most adjectives can be turned into adverb just with the -mwìthùm suffix adding. Irregular patterns occurs however if the adjective ends with a consonant.

Examples :
unì 'strong' > unìmwìthùm 'stongly'
kòthum 'brave' > kòthumamwìthum 'bravely'
ku 'happy' > kumwìthum 'happily'

Numerals

Numerals are adjectives, they do not decline. They are in base-12.

Zero : uhò
One : i
Two : ihwi
Three : the
Four : kata
Five : katàhi
Six : katàhihwi
Seven : katàthe
Eigh : katàthyu
Nine : katàthìhi
Ten : katàthìhihwi
Eleven : katàthìthe

Twelve : tòkata
Twenty-four : ihwiwi
Thirty-six : tòthe
Fourty-eigh : àkhè
Sixty : hikhè
Seventy-two : hwikhè
Eighty-four : òkhè
Ninety-six : àkhèthyu
One hundred eight : hikhèthyu
One hundred twenty : wikhèthyu
One hundred thirty-two : òkhèthyu

One hundred forty-four : ihatò
Two hundreds eighty-eight : ihwi ihatò
Four hundreds thirty-two : the ihatò
...etc...
Nineteen thousands eight : òkhèthyu ihatò

Twenty thousands seven hundreds thirty-six : ihatòthyu
Forty-one thousands four hundreds seventy-two : ihwi ihatòthyu
...etc...
Three hundreds ninety-four millions one hundred forty-nine thousands eight hundreds eighty-eight : òkhèthyu ihatò ihatòthyu

Thus, this system allows one to count up to three hundreds ninety-four millions one hundred sixty-nine thousands thirty-nine : òkhèthyu ihatò ihatòthyu òkhèthyu ihatò òkhèthyu katàthìthe.

Syntax

Word order

Thokyunèhòta is an OSV language. Despite the presence of cases, word order is not free : The gramatical subject must stay close to the verb, as inverting subject and object position promote the phrase to the passive voice.

Examples :

Tyukamwe thèthi k'ìthe.
girl.ABS boy.NOM love.NEG.IND.N_FUT
"The boy doesn't love the girl."

Thèthi tyukamwe k'ìthe.
boy.NOM girl.ABS love.NEG.IND.N_FUT
"The girl is not loved by the boy."

Tyukam thèthihwe k'ìthe.
girl.NOM boy.ABS love.NEG.IND.N_FUT
"The boy is not loved by the girl."

In a normal, declarative verbal phrase, the various component come in that order :

[adverbs][instrumental case nouns][dative case nouns][object][subject][verb]

Adjectives are piled before the nouns they described.

Example :

Kumwìthum tath pumwim mimatù thonamwe a ttatò.
happily big fish.INS small tree.ABS 1SG.NOM hit.PFV.IND.N_FUT
"I was happily hitting the small tree with a big fish."

General plural

If one wants to insist on the fact that a noun is plural without specifying a number, or even an average quantity (few, many), and that the context is not obvious, the adjective k'ìhò (several) can be used.

Example :
Ìthìne khè pahane thehe tatohe k'ìhò ttatònamwe a ìtù.
1PL.DAT GEN place.DAT to PROG~go.IND.N_FUT several soldier.ABS 1SG.NOM see.PFV.IND.N_FUT
"I have seen soldiers coming (to us/our direction/our place)."

Copula

The copula ne 'to be' servs to equate nouns together, or nouns with adjectives.

Equated adjectives are piled between the noun they are equated to and the copula. Equated nouns always take the nominative.

Examples :

A ku nine.
1SG.NOM happy PROG~be.IND.N_FUT
"I am happy".

Kòthumakèma ìthyu nì.
knight.NOM 1PL.NOM be.PVF.IND.FUT
"We will have been knights."

Possession

Possession is marked with the genitive postposition khè, which come between the possessor and the possessed noun. These must take the same case.

Example :
Thèthùm khè pumwim thonamwe a ttatò.
boy.INS GEN fish.INS tree.ABS 1SG.NOM hit.PFV.IND.N_FUT
"I was hitting the tree with the boy's fish."

Benefactive phrase

A benefactive construction required three arguments : A subject in the nominative, a benefactor in the dative, and a purpose in the instrumental (this one often simply being a dummy noun, handled with thu 'it').

The benefactor must precede the purpose.

Example :
Tòne thwim a ìthù.
you.DAT it.INS 1SG.NOM build.PFV.IND.N_FUT
"I built it for you." (lit : "I built with it to you")

Interrogative phrase

Yes/no question are handle with three particles which come after the verb. tuhe if the expected answer is 'yes', kò if it's 'no', and ce if no particular anwser is expected.

Examples :

Tyukamwe tu k'ik'ìthe ce ?
girl.ABS you.NOM PROG~love.IND.N_FUT Q
"Do you love the girl ?"

Tyukamwe tu k'ik'ìthe tuhe ?
girl.ABS you.NOM PROG~love.IND.N_FUT Q.yes
"You love the girl, don't you ?"

Tyukamwe tu k'ik'ìthe kò ?
girl.ABS you.NOM PROG~love.IND.N_FUT Q.no
"You don't love the girl, do you ?"

Other questions are all formed with the interrogative adjective ipù 'what'. The interrogative particle ce is also required howether.

Examples :

Tyukamwe ipù yònam k'ik'ìthe ce ?
girl.ABS what stranger.NOM PROG~love.IND.N_FUT Q
"Who loves her ?"

Ipù pahane wihe tu tohe ce ?
what place.DAT in 2SG.NOM go.PFV.IND.N_FUT Q
"Where have you been ?"

Ipù kumùhapa nine ce ?
what time.NOM PROG~be.IND.N_FUT Q
"What time is it ?"

Locative phrase

Locative phrases involving movement are formed with postpositions, of wich the main are thehe 'to, into, at', wihe 'in, through' and wìth 'from, out of'. The place nouns followed by the postposition must be in the dative case.

Examples :

Kane thehe a tatohe.
mountain.DAT to 1SG.NOM PROG~go.IND.N_FUT
"I'm going to the mountains."

Kane wihe a tatohe.
mountain.DAT in 1SG.NOM PROG~go.IND.N_FUT
"I'm walking through the mountains."

Kane wìth a tatohe.
mountain.DAT from 1SG.NOM PROG~go.IND.N_FUT
"I'm coming from the mountains."

Locative phrases involving location rather than movement are formed with a special construction : First come the noun designating the aforementioned location, then the genitive particule, than a locative noun and ultimatly the locative particle wihe.

Examples :

Thonèthìne khè withìne wihe a pahà.
forest.DAT GEN inside.DAT in 1SG.NOM be.PFV.IND.N_FUT
"I was in the forest." (lit : "In the inside of the forest.")

Ene khè nèpahane khè pàne wohe a papahì.
1SG.DAT GEN house.DAT GEN back.DAT in 1SG.NOM PROG~be.IND.FUT.
"I will be in the back of my house."

Locative phrases involving both location and movement are possible.

Example :
Thonèthìne khè ìhàne wìth ìthyu tohìpà.
forest.DAT GEN front.DAT out 1PL.NOM go.NEG.SBJV
"We should not move away from the front of the forest."

Phrases involving multiple location are possible two.

Example :
K'ìmòhapane wìth u thonèthìne wihe u kane a tohe tho tuhwe ihìcì.
east.DAT from and forest.DAT in and mountain.DAT to 1SG.NOM go.PFV.IND.N_FUT CAUS 2SG.ABS PROG~see.IND.FUT
"I came from the east, through the forest and to the mountains to see you."

Serial verb construction

One noun can be jubject of several consecutive verbs in a single sentence. Each verb, appart from the last one, must be followed by a linking particle. The must common is u 'and'.

Example :
Yayuwe a ìthù u ttuttwine wihe etekhù u thwine khè pahane thehe tohe.
rowboat.ABS 1SG.NOM build.PFV.IND.N_FUT and sea.DAT in sail.PFV.IND.N_FUT and it.DAT GEN place.DAT to go.PFV.IND.N_FUT
"I built a small boat, sailed through the sea and came here."

Subordinate clause are handle with the causative/objective particle tho.

Example :
A ninittùpà tho ihìtùpà tho iwe khè tacamawe i ayawìpà.
1SG.NOM PROG~want.SBJV CAUS PROG~see.SBJV CAUS 3SG.ABS GEN song.ABS 3SG.NOM PROG~perform.SBJV
"I would like to see him permoming his song."

Relative clauses are handle differently : The relativised noun is placed directly after the verb of the relative clause he governs (adverbs in the main clause thus come after the relativised noun).

Example :
We khè kòhùhìhwe ìhuhà khèmawe a pipyutì.
1SG.ABS GEN field.ABS plow.PFV.IND.N_FUT man.ABS 1SG.NOM PROG~call.IND.FUT
"I'll call the man that plowed my field."

Comparative construction

A comparative construction is formed of the subject noun in the nominative preceded by the noun it is compared to in the dative case and followed by the adjective corresponding to the compared quality in its reduplicated form and by the coppula.

Examples :

Tòne a ihipa nine.
2SG.DAT 1SG.NOM more~beautiful PROG~be.IND.N_FUT
"I am more beautiful than you."

Hi nène a honi nine.
all person.DAT 1SG.NOM strong.more PROG~be.IND.N_FUT
"I am the strongest."

Sample texts

The North Wind and the Sun

Ik'e uhip'i u pa mumwità tho ttathèthà tho ipù èthyu honi nine ce ?
northern wind.NOM and sun.NOM PROG~dispute.IND.N_FUT CAUS PROG~know.IND.N_FUT CAUS what 3PL.NOM strong.more PROG~be.IND.N_FUT Q
"The North Wind and the Sun are disputing to know who of them is the strongest."

Puhàmwipam mwimwipà ttanam thehap èthìne khè pahane thehe tatohe.
coat.INS PROG~dress.IND.N_FUT traveler.NOM now 3PL.DAT GEN place.DAT to PROG~go.IND.N_FUT
"Dressed with a coat, a traveler then comes (to their place)."

Èthyu papatàthèthà tho mumwitànì tho puhàmwipawe ttanam kakhep'ì nam honi ninì.
3PL.NOM PROG~decide.IND.N_FUT CAUS PROG~make.IND.FUT CAUS coat.ABS traveler.NOM PROG~remove.IND.FUT person.NOM strong.more PROG~be.IND.FUT
"They decide that the one who makes the traveler remove the coat will be the strongest."

Thehap unìmwìthùm yòmwìthùm ik'e uhip'i uhune,
now strong.ADV hard.ADV norhtern wind.NOM PROG~blow.IND.N_FUT
"Then the North Wind blows strong and hard,"

pahu yamu unìmwìthùm yòmwìthùm puhàmwipawe ttanam hathe tho ik'e uhip'i tutwikhe.
but more.more strong.ADV hard.ADV coat.ABS traveler.NOM hold.PROG.IND.N_FUT CAUS norhtern wind.NOM PROG~stop.IND.N_FUT
"but the traveler holds his coat even more strong and hard, causing the North Wind to give up."

Thehap ik'e uhip'i pipyutà tho puhàmwipawe pa kakhepàpà.
now northern wind.NOM PROG~call.IND.N_FUT CAUS coat.ABS sun.NOM PROG~remove.SBJV
"Now the North Wind calls for the Sun to give a try."

Thehap pahane thehe pa tatohe u unìmwìthùm tucìmà,
now place.DAT to sun.NOM PROG~go.IND.N_FUT and strong.ADV PROG~shine.IND.N_FUT
"Then the sun comes and shines strongly,"

u puhàmwipawe ttanam kakhepà u ttwikòne khè wihìne thehe tatohe u ihùhe.
and coat.ABS traveler.NOM PROG~remove.IND.N_FUT and river.DAT GEN inside.DAT to PROG~go.IND.N_FUT and PROG~bath.IND.N_FUT
"and the traveler removes his coat, goes into a river and has a bath."

Thehap ik'e uhip'ihwe mumwitàne tho òyòtà tho pa honi nine.
now nothern wind.ABS PROG~make.IND.N_FUT CAUS PROG~speak.IND.N_FUT CAUS sun.NOM strong.more PROG~be.IND.N_FUT
"Now the North Wind is forced to admit that the Sun is the strongest."

Kòthumane we mwitàni honi nine.
willpower.DAT soft persuasion.NOM strong.more PROG~be.IND.N_FUT
"Gentle persuasion is stronger than force."

The Wolf and the Goat.

The mnàne khè ìne wihe minamwe nèthuhim uyòtume u ine khè pahane thehe tohì wìhì iwe ihìtù.
sharp edge.DAT GEN top.DAT in grass.ABS goat.NOM PROG~eat.IND.N_FUT and 3SG.DAT GEN place.DAT to go.NEG.IND.FUT wolf.NOM 3SG.ABS PROG~see.IND.N_FUT
"A goat is grazing upon a steep cliff, and he is seen by a wolf who can't reach him."

Iwe wìhì ihine tho pipyutà :
3sg.ABS wolf.NOM PROG~start.IND.N_FUT CAUS PROG~call.IND.N_FUT
"The wolf begins to call him :"

"Ene khè pahane thehe tu tatohìpà tho tu kahecìpa,"
1SG.DAT GEN place.DAT to 2SG.NOM PROG~go.SBJV CAUS 2SG.NOM fall.NEG.SBJV
"'You should come to me so you would not fall,'"

"ene khè pahane wihe k'ìhò wìci papahà,"
1SG.DAT GEN place.DAT in several meadow.NOM PROG~be.IND.N_FUT
"'there are meadows where I am,'"

"ene khè pahane wihe minam mu he nine."
1SG.DAT GEN place.DAT in grass.NOM more soft.more PROG~be.IND.N_FUT
"'here the grass is most tender.'"

Nèthuhim pipyutà : "Ene em tu pyutà."
goat.NOM PROG~call.IND.N_FUT, 1SG.DAT 1SG.INS 2SG.NOM call.NEG.IND.N_FUT
"The goat calls : 'You're not calling for my benefit.'"

"Tòne khè òtumine em pipyutà."
2SG.DAT GEN meal.DAT 1SG.INS PROG~call.IND.N_FUT
"'You're calling so that you can eat me.'"

Lexicon

Adjectives

an; àn : Bad.
cìmè; tucìmè : White, light.
cìmènime; tucìmènime : Yellow.
hane; hahane : Other.
hi; hahi : All.
ik'e; ihik'e : Northern, from the north.
ipa; ihipa : Beautiful, good.
ipù : What (no reduplicated form).
ìpuhe; ihìpuhe : Round.
kahake; kakahake : New.
kape; hakape : Warm.
khemìtù; kakhemìtù : Heavy.
k'ìhò; k'ik'ìhò : Several.
k'ik'ìtù; k'ik'itù : Light (weight).
kòthum; kòkòthum : Sturdy, robust, hardy, stout, brave, fearless, bold.
ku; haku : Happy.
kuthyò; kukuthyò : Cold.
matù; mamatù : Long.
mìku; mìmìku : Wet, moist, damp, humid.
mimatù; mimimatù : Small.
mu; yamu : More.
nime; ninime : Green.
nìte; ninìte : Full.
nupù; nunupù : Old.
pathù; hapathù : Hot.
pe; pape : Red.
pimò; pipimò : Few.
pomì; papomì : Many.
tath; tatath : Big.
tè; tatè : Thick, fat.
the; thìthe : Sharp.
thìnu; thìthìnu : Ugly.
thokyune; thothokyune : Member of the/from the Thokyunam.
to; tato : Far.
tome; tatome : Slow.
tyu; tityu : Near.
tyume; tityume : Quick.
uttù; ùttù : Black, dark.
ùhamyu; ihùhamyu : Smooth.
ume; uhume : Thin.
unì; honì : Strong.
we; he : Soft.
yò; uhyò : Hard.

Adverbs

ihehyò : Often.
kòthumamwìthum : Bravely.
kumwìthum : Happily.
pàhap : Yesterday.
thehap : Now, then, today.
thohap : Tomorrow.
uhòhap : Never.
unìmwìthùm : Strongly.
yòmwìthùm : Hard.

Nouns

a; we; ene; em : I, me.
amyu -òm : Stage (theater).
ana; -am : Hold (of a ship).
awi; -im : Music.
cìci; -im : Farmland, countryside, meadow, valley.
cìmèthuma; -am : Iron.
cìmì : Snow.
etawa; -am : Tiller.
eta; -am : Mast.
etekhu; -wim : Boat, sailboat, ship, galley.
epakam : Longitude.
fam : Forge.
fènam : Bark.
fepa; -am : Fruit, berry.
fèpam : Arm.
fèpu; -wim : Back.
fèthuma; -am : Silver.
ha; -am : Ice.
hathim : Port, dock, harbor.
hefethamì : Darkness.
heweteka : Navy, fleet.
hipwatha; -am : Rabbit, hare.
huthanwam : The law.
ìcì : Garden.
ìha -àm : The front.
ìha -om : Bear.
ìhì : Dog.
ik'im : North.
im : The top.
im; imwe; ìne; ìm : Heart.
imithya; -om : Musical instrument.
ìnthewohefa; -am : Eternity.
itta; -am : Ear.
ìthi; -im : Lion.
ìthikiya; -am : Liger/Tigon.
ìthinam : Horseman, trooper, shock trooper.
ìthinèthì : Cavalry, shock troops.
ìthittatu; -òm : Attack, assault, onslaught, offensive.
ka; kawe; kane; kam : Mountain, hill.
ka; -àm : Mouth.
kakam; kakamwe; kakhène; kakhèm : Brother.
kak'ika; -am : Goose.
kamatu : Astrolabe, compass, any tool or device used to measure distances, positions or angles.
katàkyumùhapa; -am : Year.
katàthonam : Leaf.
kawam : Rudder.
khakhofa; -àm : Alloy.
khata; -am : Snake.
khanathumètha; -am : Lichen, moss.
khapa; -am : Talent.
khèma; -om : Man, male.
khèmonam : Husband.
khètham : Liver.
khiki; -im : Spice.
khinam : Zebu.
khokhema; -àm : Storm.
khuya; -om : Silk.
k'im : South.
k'ìmòhapa; -am : East, right.
k'ìmu; -òm : The side.
kipa; -am : Sake, rice alcohol.
k'ìp'i; k'ìp'iwe; k'ìpyune; k'ìpyum : Woman, female.
k'ìpyunam : Wife.
kiya; -am : Tiger.
kòhi; -ùm : Crops.
kòhùhì : Field.
kòthuma; -am : Sturdiness, hardiness, willpower, stamina, solidity.
kòthumakhèma; -om : Knight, swashbuckler, mercenary.
kòthumakhèmèthì : Army, horde.
ku; -òm : Bone, horn.
kù; kùhwe; kwòne; kwòm : Winter.
kuha; -am : Temple.
kuhu; -wim : Priest, shaman.
kukhì : Nuts.
kunam : Root.
kunawa; -am : Musician.
kuni; -ùm : Herd, flock.
kuya; -am : Pig.
kwi -im : Spirit, god.
kwim : Ball.
kyumi; -ùm : Moon, month.
kyumùhapa; -am : Time.
ma; mawe; mane; mam : Fur.
mahyu; òm : Barley.
mama; -am : Mother.
màta; -am : Wheat.
matatha; -am : The people of Máotatšàlì.
mathi; -im : Flax.
menatha; -am : First mate.
mewa; -am : Millet.
meya; -am : Elephant.
mihyunam : Rope.
mìk'i; mìk'ihwe; mìkùne; mìkùm : Water.
mìkùhapa; -am : Dew.
mìkùtumi; -im : Beverage, drink.
mìkùthip'i; -ùm : Duck.
mim; mimwe; mìne; mìm : Rain.
mima; -em : Sheep.
minam : Grass.
mipa; -am : Tail.
mìthu; -òm : Camp, village, city.
mna; -àm : Edge, mountaintop, vertex, climax, peak, bloom.
monam : Hair.
mpu; -òm : Chest, breast.
mu; -òm : Eye.
muhu; -òm : Mushroom.
muthinamtha; -am : The Mûtsinamtsys people.
muthitwam : Philosophy.
myumyu; -òm : Face, head.
mwipa; -am : Clothe, clothing.
mwitàni; -im : Persuasion.
nahupu; -òm : Autumn.
nam : Human, person.
nayu -òm : Noodles.
neka; -om : Chicken.
nèthuhim : Goat.
nèpaha; -am : House, home.
nihipa; -àm : Spring (season).
niya; -am : Bamboo, knotweed.
nona; -àm : Cattle, bovine.
nopa; -am : Summer.
ntwam : Religion.
nutùhithi; -im : That which cannot be explained.
nyaki; -im : Rice.
onam : Flower.
òta; -om : Tongue, speech, lang, language.
òthèthì : Net, fishing net.
òtumi; -im : Eating, meal.
pa; -am : Sun, light, fire.
pa; -àm : The back (side).
paha; -am : Place, location.
pahìthì : Country, land, territory, nation, homeland, motherland.
pakham : Keel.
p'ànìnuk'i; -im : Calendar.
papu; -wim : Hourglass.
pataka; -am : The Ppãrwak people.
patha; -àm : Brazier, fireplace, hearth.
pathàthacì : Ashes.
pathàthuma; -am : Embers.
pathokha; -am : Date tree.
pathuma; -am : Gold.
pàthuma; -am : Copper.
patkatha; -am : Captain (of a ship).
payekha; -am : Water buffalo.
penya; -am : Ivory.
p'ì : West, left.
p'im : Mapple.
p'ìnì : Skin.
pitàmnitha; -am : Mink, stoat, weasel, mongoose.
p'ìthi; -ùm : Nose.
p'itti; -ùm : The bottom (side).
pòmì : Breast.
pu; -òm : Cloud.
puhàmwipa -am : Robe, cloak, coat.
puhàthìkapa -àm : Sword, scimitar, blade, broadsword, saber.
pukha -om : Lotus.
pumu; -wim : Fish.
pwamatam : Navigation.
pwayakam : Latitude.
ta; -om : Head.
tacama; -am : Play, song.
takhim : Canvas, sail.
tantatha; -am : Flatboat, barge, canal boat.
tati; -im : Oar.
tayam : Panda.
thacì : Dust.
thakaham : Assassination.
thattyu; -òm : Smoke.
thèmi; -im : Guts.
thèmìthuhim : Meat.
thènwam : Egg.
thèpam : Wing.
thètham : Sister.
thèthi; -ùm : Boy, son, he/him.
thèthi; -im : Child.
thèthu; -òm : Elbow.
theyam : Sesame.
theyukha; -am : The people of Zeluzh.
thìfì : Shoulder.
thìha; -am : Frog.
thìhì : Lizard.
thìhòta; -om : Whip.
thikapa; -àm : Hand, finger.
thikapàka; -àm : Tooth.
thipam : Fat.
thìp'ì; -ùm : Bird.
thìpu; -wim : Neck.
thipùthìkapa -àm : Arrow.
thìthikapa; -àm : Claw, fingernail.
thìthikapàthì : Trident.
thitiyamitha; -am : Poppy.
thìttatu; -òm : Axe, battle-axe.
thohèthìkapa; -àm : Lance, spear.
thohèthip'i; thohèthip'ihwe; thohèthipùne; thohèthipùm : Bow.
thokyunam : The Thokyunam people.
thokyunèhòta; -om : The Thokyunam language.
thonam : Tree.
thonèthì : Forest, wood.
thopi; -ùm : Stick.
thòthu; -òm : Wild boar.
thu; -wim : It, this, that, thing, impersonal pronoun.
thu; -òm : Foot.
thuhim : Animal.
thuhìtoham : Cart.
thukha; -am : Sand.
thuma; -am : Stone.
thumakha; -am : Metal.
thumakòmwipa; -am : Armor.
thumakòta; -om : Helmet.
thumaku; -òm : Carapace, shell, shield.
thumèthì : Money.
thumèthìkapa -àm : Knife, dagger.
thumèthyuhihapa; -am : Trade, commerce, exchange, barter.
thùpata; -àm : Contract, deal, pact, covenant, treaty.
thùthi; -ùm : Blood.
thuyu; -wim : Martial art.
thwì : Beech.
thwihi -im : Well.
tì : Pea, chickpea.
tika; -om : Anchor.
tonam : Chief, leader.
top'ì : Lentil.
ttanam : Traveler, pilgrim, nomad.
ttatònam : Soldier, scout, grunt, infantryman.
ttatònèthì : Band, company, division, posse, draft, detachment, militia.
ttatòthì : War.
ttatòthuhìtoham : Chariot.
ttatta; -am : Father.
ttatu; -wim : Battle, struggle.
ttuttu; -wim : Lake, lagoon, sea.
ttwiku; -òm : River.
ttwimam : Salt.
tu; -wim : Leg.
tu; tuhwe; tòne; tòm : You (singular).
tuma; -am : Outlaw, criminal.
tuta; -am : Master, teacher, veteran.
twam : Sky.
twì; twìhwe; tjùne; tjùm : Belly.
twìtham : Knee.
tyèhapa; -am : Day.
tyam : Seed.
tyam : Bitter vetch.
tyukam; tyukamwe; tyukhène; tyukhèm : Girl, daughter, she/her.
ucìmìk'i; ucìmìk'ihwe; ucìmìkùne; ucìmìkùm : Oil.
uha; -am : Horse.
uhì : Earth.
uhip'i; uhip'ihwe; uhipùne; uhipùm : Breath, breathing, blow, wind.
uhìthip'i; -ùm : Bat.
uhìthonam : Squirrel.
uhòthu; -wim : Number, cipher.
uhòthwìthì : Mathematics, algebra.
uhu; -wim : Young (animal).
uhu; uhwe; uhìne; uhìm : Mouse, rat.
uka; -am : Deer.
uma: -om : Feather.
uni; -ùm : Star.
unìthuma -am : Bronze.
up'ìhim : Parasite, vermin.
utta; -àm : Night.
uttùthuma; -am : Lead (metal).
wa; -am : Birch.
waka; -am : Discretion.
wam : Wrist.
wàthuma; -am : Tin, pewter.
wì : Throat.
wi; -im : Chestnut.
wi; -ùm : Willow.
wi; -ùm : Oak.
wìhì : Wolf.
withì : Fox.
wihim : The inside.
wihuhòthu; -wim : Calculation, operation.
yami; -im : Incense.
yapatafa; -am : Disease.
yasata; -am : Desert.
yasatokha; -am : Camel.
yasuwinitha; -am : Pine.
yayu; yayuwe; yawine; yawim : Rowboat, small boat, dinghy, cutter.
yenam : Deck (of a ship).
yisa; -am : Performer, actor, singer.
yònam : Stranger, alien, someone, anyone.
yotha; -am : Bow (of a ship).
yotoka; -am : The eastern civilisation of Lotoka.
yu; -òm : The outside.
yuha; -am : Donkey.
yuhi; -im : Bug.
yuhìma; -àm : Fog.
yuthathipyutha; -am : Owl.
yuthikhpamitha; -am : Raven.

Particles

ce : Interrogative particle.
khè : Genitive postposition.
kò : Interrogative particle expecting a negative answer.
pahu : But.
thahu : Or.
thehe : To, into, at.
tho : Causative/objective particle.
tuhe : Interrogative particle expecting a positive answer.
u : And.
wihe : In, through.
wìth : From, out of.

Verbs

ahò; àhò : To dig, to scratch.
awe; ayawe : To perform music.
cìmà; tucìmà : To shine, to light.
etekhù; eyetekhù : To sail, to navigate.
èthò; èhèthò : To attach, to bind.
fèthà; hafèthà : To burn.
hihe; hahihe : To laugh.
ìhe; ihìhe : To smell (something).
ìhuhà; ihìhuhà : To plow.
ikhe; ik'ì; ik'ìpà; hekhe : To live (being alive).
ine; ihine : To start, to begin.
ìthù; ihìthù : To build, to make, to do.
ìtte; ìcì; ìcìpà; yìtte : To lead.
ìtù; ìcì; ìtùpà; ihìtù : To see, to look.
kà; kakà : To bite.
kahecìne; kakahecìne : To drop.
kahethe; kahecì; kahecìpà; kakahethe : To fall.
kapà; kap'ì; kap'ìpà; kakapà : Suck.
khepà; khep'ì; khepàpà; kakhepà : To remove.
khèthe; khècì; khècìpà; kakhèthe : To follow.
k'ìthe; k'ik'ìthe : To love, to like.
kome; kakome : To fly.
komò; kakome : To lie down, to rest.
kuthyò; kuthì; kuthyòpà; kukuthyò : To freeze.
mìkùtume; mimìkùtume : To drink.
mìthe; mamìthe : To hear, to listen.
mome; mamome : To sit.
momwe; momì; momwìpà; mamomwe : To rub.
mòthe; mumòthe : To find.
muhe; mumuhe : To breed, to cross-breed.
mwità; mwicì; mwitàpà; mumwità : To dispute, to argue.
mwitàne; mumwitàne : To push, to prompt, to move, to incite, to make.
mwìthù; mumwìthù : To think.
mwipà; mwimwipà : To dress-up, to be dressed, to vest, to put/wear clothes.
nattò; nanattò : To turn, to roll.
ne; uhòne; nine : To be (something).
nèpahà; nènèpahà : To live (somewhere), to reside, to inhabit.
nittù; ninittù : To want.
nyò; nì; nyòpà; ninyò : To pull.
nyutà; nyucì; nyutàpà; ninyutà : To give.
nù; nwì; nùpà; nunùpà : To tie.
nuhà; nunuhà : To push.
nwihe; nunwihe : To sew.
ohe; èhe : To fear.
òtume; uyòtume : To eat.
òtà; òyòtà : To speak.
pahà; papahà : To be (somewhere), to stand.
pàhà; papàhà : To climb.
patàthèthà; papatàthèthà : To decide, to choose.
pyutà; pipyutà : To call, to say.
p'ìthà; pup'ìthà : To sow.
pò; fì; pòpà; hapò : To flow, to pour.
tàthò; tatàthò : To vomit.
thahe; thèthahe : To squeeze.
thamù; thèthamù : To wipe.
the; cì; cìpà; uhòthe; hathe : To hold, to grasp, to keep.
thehà; tatheha : To compare.
thekò; thèthekò : To reap, to harvest, to farm.
thèthà; ttathèthà : To know, to learn.
thèthamà; tathèthamà : To sing.
thipò; thìthipò : To pick, to pluck, to choose, to gather.
thohì; thèthohì : To throw.
thòk'e; thìthòk'e : To cut, to stab.
thokù; thèthokù : To hunt.
thòmò; thìthòmò : To split.
thone; thothone : To grow.
thumakù; thuthumakù : To run away, to shrink.
tohe; tatohe : To go, to walk, to move.
tòthò; tutòthò : To spit.
ttahapù; ttahap'ì; ttahap'ìpà; ttattahapù : To swim.
ttatò; ttacì; ttatòpà; ttattatò : To hit, to beat, to fight.
tume; tutume : To take.
twikhe; twik'ì; twik'ìpà; tutwikhe : To stop, to give up.
uhà; uhuhà : To hate.
ùhe; ihùhe : To wash, to bath, to have a bath.
une; uhune : To blow, to breathe.
upe; hope : To carry.
upù; up'ì; upùpà; uhupù : To sleep.
wakà; wawakà : To hide, to camouflage, to conceal.
wihà; uhwihà : To kill.
wihuhòthù; wiwihuhòthù : To count.
wime; uhwime : To die.
yuhù; ihyuhù : To play.
yumù; iyumù : To float.